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OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to examine the demographic, health, and social characteristics of mobility device users in long-term care settings. METHODS. Data were used from a recently institutionalized sample of olde...
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OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to examine the demographic, health, and social characteristics of mobility device users in long-term care settings. METHODS. Data were used from a recently institutionalized sample of older adults from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with the use of different mobility devices (cane, walker, or wheelchair). RESULTS. Over 70% used mobility aids (over 50% used a wheelchair). Mobility limitations were strongly associated with the use of mobility devices. However, among those with mobility limitations, educational resources reduced the odds of wheelchair use. CONCLUSIONS. Consistent with findings from the community setting, need factors are strongly associated with the use of mobility aids in institutions. However, socioeconomic resources may provide older adults with alternate ways to manage mobility limitations in institutional settings.
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gut hormones represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, controversy surrounds the effects that adiposity, dietary manipulations, and bariatric surgery have on their circulating concentrations. We sought to determine whether these discrepancies are due to methodologic differences. METHODS: Ten normal-weight males participated in a 4-way crossover study investigating whether fasting appetite scores, plasma acyl-ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) levels are altered by study-induced stress, prior food consumption, and sample processing. RESULTS: Study visit order affected anxiety, plasma cortisol, and temporal profiles of appetite and plasma PYY3-36, with increased anxiety and cortisol concentrations on the first study day. Plasma cortisol area under the curve (AUC) correlated positively with plasma PYY3-36 AUC. Despite a 14-hour fast, baseline hunger, PYY3-36 concentrations, temporal appetite profiles, PYY3-36 AUC, and active GLP-1 were affected by the previous evening's meal. Sample processing studies revealed that sample acidification and esterase inhibition are required when measuring acyl-ghrelin and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitor addition for active GLP-1. However, plasma PYY3-36 concentrations were unaffected by addition of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate assessment of appetite, feeding behavior, and gut hormone concentrations requires standardization of prior food consumption and subject acclimatization to the study protocol. Moreover, because of the labile nature of acyl-ghrelin and active GLP-1, specialized sample processing needs to be undertaken....
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gut hormones represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, controversy surrounds the effects that adiposity, dietary manipulations, and bariatric surgery have on their circulating concentrations. We sought to determine whether these discrepancies are due to methodologic differences. METHODS: Ten normal-weight males participated in a 4-way crossover study investigating whether fasting appetite scores, plasma acyl-ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) levels are altered by study-induced stress, prior food consumption, and sample processing. RESULTS: Study visit order affected anxiety, plasma cortisol, and temporal profiles of appetite and plasma PYY3-36, with increased anxiety and cortisol concentrations on the first study day. Plasma cortisol area under the curve (AUC) correlated positively with plasma PYY3-36 AUC. Despite a 14-hour fast, baseline hunger, PYY3-36 concentrations, temporal appetite profiles, PYY3-36 AUC, and active GLP-1 were affected by the previous evening's meal. Sample processing studies revealed that sample acidification and esterase inhibition are required when measuring acyl-ghrelin and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitor addition for active GLP-1. However, plasma PYY3-36 concentrations were unaffected by addition of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate assessment of appetite, feeding behavior, and gut hormone concentrations requires standardization of prior food consumption and subject acclimatization to the study protocol. Moreover, because of the labile nature of acyl-ghrelin and active GLP-1, specialized sample processing needs to be undertaken.
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Some new 3-acetyl-5-(3-chloro-1-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2-substituted phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 2-(3-chloro-1-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-5-substituted phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles have been synthesized and evaluated for anti...
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Some new 3-acetyl-5-(3-chloro-1-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2-substituted phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 2-(3-chloro-1-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-5-substituted phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles have been synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. Initially, 3-chloro-1-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl chloride (1) was prepared from cinnamic acid in the presence of chlorobenzene and thionyl chloride. This compound (1) was treated with hydrazine hydrate to afford 3-chloro-1-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbohydrazine (2) which was further reacted with various aromatic aldehydes to yield hydrazones (3a-h). Further reaction of these hydrazones (3a-h) with acetic anhydride gave 3-acetyl-5-(3-chloro-1-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2-substituted phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (4a-h). Reaction of the same compounds (3a-h) in the presence of chloramine-T afforded 2-(3-chloro-1-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-5-substituted phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (5a-h). The structures of newly synthesized compounds (4a-h) and (5a-h) have been confirmed by spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. All the compounds were screened for their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and for antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Asperigillus niger. The compounds exhibited significant antibacterial and moderate antifungal activities. Compounds 4c and 4e were found to be most potent with activities, even better than standard drug ciprofloxacin against S. aureus and B. subtilis.
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Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have difficulty in performing learned movements automatically. The neural mechanism of this deficiency remains unclear. In the current study, we used functional MRI (fMRI) and psychophysiolog...
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Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have difficulty in performing learned movements automatically. The neural mechanism of this deficiency remains unclear. In the current study, we used functional MRI (fMRI) and psychophysiological interaction (PPI) methods to investigate the changes in effective connectivity of the brain networks when movements become automatic in PD patients and age-matched normal controls. We found that during automaticity, the rostral supplementary motor area, cerebellum, and cingulate motor area had increased effective connectivity with brain networks in PD patients. In controls, in addition to these regions, the putamen also had automaticity-related strengthened interactions with brain networks. The dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex had more connectivity at the novel stage than in the automatic stage in normal subjects, but not in PD patients. The comparison of the PPI results between the groups showed that the rostral supplementary motor area, cerebellum, and cingulate motor area had significantly more increased effective connectivity with several regions in normal subjects than in PD. The changes of effective connectivity in some areas negatively correlated with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Our findings show that some of the factors related to PD patients having difficulty achieving automaticity are less efficient neural coding of movement and failure to shift execution of automatic movements more subcortically. The changes of effective connectivity become more abnormal as the disorder progresses. In addition, in PD, the connections of the attentional networks are altered.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), as a receptor of apolipoprotein E (APOE), APP, and alpha2 macroglobulin (alpha2-M), ke...
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), as a receptor of apolipoprotein E (APOE), APP, and alpha2 macroglobulin (alpha2-M), keeps the balance between degeneration and production of beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) clearance. Its gene had been defined as a candidate gene for AD, but the results were not universal. Total 496 AD patients and 478 controls were recruited in Chinese Han population and real-time PCR was used to detect the polymorphism of LRP C766T. Multiple logistic regression, Chi-square test and survival analysis were performed to explore the association. The distribution of LRP genotypes and alleles was significantly different between cases and controls, and T allele could reduce the risk for developing AD (OR of CT genotype: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.38-0.85, rho=0.003; OR of T allele: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.39-0.83, rho=0.003). TT genotype carriers had 5 years later for developing AD compared with CC genotype carriers, but survival analysis did not conform this (LRP TT vs. CT and CC log rank chi(2)=2.71, rho=0.26). The distribution of LRP C766T genotypes and alleles was different among different severity stratified by MMSE yet (rho=0.26). Our data suggested that the polymorphism of LRP C766T was strongly associated with AD and T allele might be a protective factor for AD in Chinese Han population.
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